What Is the Formula for the Harmonic Minor Scale?
What Is the Formula for the Harmonic Minor Scale?
The Harmonic Minor Scale is a unique and expressive scale system used across various genres, especially in classical, jazz, and metal music. But what is the formula for the harmonic minor scale, and what makes it different from other scales? The Harmonic Minor Scale introduces a raised 7th note compared to the natural minor scale, which dramatically alters the sound and harmonic possibilities. Let’s explore the structure and significance of this fascinating scale.
The Basic Structure of the Harmonic Minor Scale
The formula for the harmonic minor scale is:
W – H – W – W – H – (W+H) – H
Where:
- W stands for whole step (a distance of two frets on the guitar or two piano keys, including black keys)
- H stands for half step (a distance of one fret or one piano key)
- (W+H) stands for a step and a half, which is also called an augmented second
In other words, the harmonic minor scale follows this specific pattern of intervals: whole, half, whole, whole, half, augmented second, and half. The most notable characteristic is the raised 7th degree, which creates an augmented second interval between the 6th and 7th notes, adding a unique flavor to the scale.
For example, in A Harmonic Minor, the notes are:
- A – B – C – D – E – F – G# – A
How the Harmonic Minor Differs From the Natural Minor
The natural minor scale (or Aeolian mode) is derived from the major scale and is the 6th mode in the major scale system. Its formula is:
W – H – W – W – H – W – W
The harmonic minor scale, however, alters this pattern by raising the 7th note. This creates a distinct sound, especially between the 6th and 7th notes, forming a melodic tension due to the augmented second interval. This interval doesn’t exist naturally in the major scale system, making the harmonic minor a powerful tool for creating new sound possibilities.
The Purpose of the Harmonic Minor Scale in Classical Music
In classical music theory, the harmonic minor scale was designed to address a specific harmonic need. In the natural minor scale, the 7th note is a whole step below the root, which makes the V chord (5th degree) a minor chord. By raising the 7th note, the harmonic minor creates a major V chord, leading to a more resolute i-V (minor to major) cadence, which is vital for classical harmony. This raised 7th also alters the 3rd degree, turning it into an augmented triad, another unique feature of this scale.
Chords Built from the Harmonic Minor Scale
One of the most unique features of the harmonic minor scale is the variety of 7th chords built upon each degree of the scale. The harmonic minor scale offers a different 7th chord for each of its notes:
- 1st degree: Minor-Major 7th chord
- 2nd degree: Diminished-Minor 7th chord
- 3rd degree: Augmented-Major 7th chord
- 4th degree: Minor 7th chord
- 5th degree: Dominant 7th chord
- 6th degree: Major 7th chord
- 7th degree: Fully diminished 7th chord
These unique chord qualities provide a broad range of harmonic possibilities, allowing for rich and complex chord progressions, especially in classical and jazz music.
Creative Uses of the Harmonic Minor Scale
The harmonic minor scale opens the door to new sounds that don’t exist in the traditional major scale system. The raised 7th adds a touch of exotic tension, often heard in Eastern and Middle Eastern music, as well as in more dramatic sections of classical compositions. Jazz musicians frequently use this scale for its harmonic richness, and metal guitarists leverage it to create intense, dark melodic lines.
Conclusion: Why Learn the Harmonic Minor Scale?
So, what is the formula for the harmonic minor scale? It’s a scale that involves a whole, half, whole, whole, half, augmented second, and half-step pattern, defined by the raised 7th degree. This raised 7th produces a major V chord and opens up new harmonic possibilities that don’t exist in the natural minor or major scales. Whether you’re a classical musician, jazz improviser, or metal guitarist, understanding the harmonic minor scale can add a new dimension to your playing.
Check out our free 168-page PDF book that covers every mode of all 12 harmonic minor scales for further exploration!
by Henry Bahrou – Guitarist, Music Theorist, Music Academy Director
Private Lessons at Canton Music Academy
